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Core Sample by jojo
Methods
Please help improve this article by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page. (August 2007)
gravity coring, in which the core sampler is dropped into the sample
drilling exploration diamond drilling
vibracoring, in which the sampler is vibrated to allow penetration into thixotropic media.
Management of cores and data
Coring is the method to retrieve cores samples from the ground. Coring is often utilised in ocean drilling and surveying. Scientist often using coring to acquire core samples for study.
Drilling equipment is often used for coring. Rock core is often taken during mineral exploration operations to help determine the rock type and amount of mineralisation present. A diamond impregnated core bit is used which is rotated to cut an annulus of rock, producing a rock core which extends through the bit into the core barrel. In a wireline system, the core barrel can be retrieved using a wire cable that is run inside the drill rods. Thus, the drill rods do not have to be removed from the borehole each time a core run is complete. Diamond coring can be carried out to depth of 2000m using conventional mineral exploration drilling equipment. Core can be recovered from deeper wells but the operation becomes more expensive.
The technique of coring long predates attempts to drill into the Earth mantle by the Deep Sea Drilling Program. The value to oceanic and other geologic history of obtaining cores over a wide area of sea floors soon became apparent. Core sampling by many scientific and exploratory organizations expanded rapidly. To date hundreds of thousands of core samples have been collected from floors of all the planet oceans and many of its inland waters.
Access to many of these samples is facilitated by the Index to Marine & Lacustrine Geological Samples,
"A collaboration between twenty institutions and agencies that operate geological repositories."
The above agency keeps a record of the samples held in the repositories of its member organizations. Data includes
"Lithography, texture, age, principal investigator, province, weathering/metamorphism, glass remarks and descriptive comments"
Layering
Main article: Stratigraphy
Any natural medium at or under the Earth surface or other body that is consistent enough to maintain a solid or semi-solid structure is layered. The layering comes from successive deposition or growth in time of structural or compositional variants of the medium.
Most familiar to us are the stratigraphic layers of the Earth surface on which the geologic history of the surface is based; for example, the Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, etc. Each layer in this case contains distinctive fossils generated by the evolution of species. Layers often are divided into sublayers.
Layering is more pervasive than the broad outline of the Geologic Time Scale leads us to believe. Any change in environment causes a new layer to be deposited. A succession of plant species in a region, for example, causes a succession of layers containing different pollen in ice and mud. Variation in rainfall causes tree rings to be of different widths.
Informational value of core samples
Scientific coring began as a method of sampling the ocean floor. It soon expanded to lakes, ice, mud, soil and wood. Cores on very old trees give information about their growth rings without destroying the tree.
Cores indicate variations of climate, species and sedimentary composition during geologic history. The dynamic phenomena of the Earth surface are for the most part cyclical in a number of ways, especially temperature and rainfall.
There are many ways to date a core. Once dated, it gives valuable information about changes of climate and terrain. For example, cores in the ocean floor, soil and ice have altered the view of the geologic history of the Pleistocene entirely.
See also
Ice core
Scientific drilling
Core drill
External links
Core Sample
Aquifer Core Samples
Core from Walden Pond
Ice Core Dating
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Petroleum industry
Exploration
Petroleum engineering (Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation) Petroleum geology Geophysics Seismic (Seismic inversion) Petrophysics Core sampling
Drilling
Drilling engineering Underbalanced drilling Directional drilling (Measurement while drilling Geosteering) Drilling fluid Drill Stem Test
Development
Completion (Squeeze job) Well logging Pipeline transport Tracers
Production
Artificial lift (Pumpjack ESP Gas lift) EOR (Steam injection Gas reinjection) Water injection Well intervention Upstream Midstream Downstream Refining
Technical challenges
Differential sticking Drilling fluid invasion Blowouts Lost circulation
Oil and gas agreements
Production sharing agreements Concessions Service Agreements Risk agreements
Data by country
Total energy (consumption per capita intensity) Natural gas (consumption production reserves imports exports) Petroleum (consumption production reserves imports exports)
Supermajors
ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell BP Chevron Corporation ConocoPhillips Total S.A. (See also: National oil companies)
Major oil provinces
North Sea East Texas Persian Gulf Athabasca oil sands Gulf of Mexico Venezuela Niger Delta Russia
Related articles
OPEC History of petroleum Peak oil Oil price increases since 2003 Price of petroleum Society of Petroleum Engineers
Categories: Glaciology | Mining | Well logging | Environmental science | Geophysics | Petrology | StratigraphyHidden categories: Articles to be expanded from August 2007 | All articles to be expanded
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